Each limb as it stands at local sunrise, and when it changes before the next sunrise. Times are in the selected time zone; times after midnight show the next date.
Rahu kalam, Yamaganda and Gulika kalam are each one eighth of the daytime (sunrise to sunset); which eighth depends on the weekday. Abhijit muhurta is the 8th of the 15 daytime muhurtas, centred on local noon. Many traditions skip Abhijit on Wednesdays.
Tithi and nakshatra prevailing at local sunrise. Click a day to open it above.
Times below are for Ujjain in IST, compared with the panchang and festival pages of Prokerala (which uses Lahiri ayanamsa and the centre-of-disc sunrise). The "this tool" column is computed live in your browser with the traditional sunrise setting.
A panchang (पञ्चाङ्ग, "five limbs") describes each day by five quantities, all worked out from the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon:
In the amanta system (used in western and southern India) the month runs from new moon to new moon; in the purnimanta system (most of northern India) from full moon to full moon, so the dark half carries the name of the next month. A month is named after the sidereal sign the Sun enters during it: the month in which the Sun enters Mesha is Chaitra. If the Sun enters no sign between two new moons, that month is adhika (अधिक, extra) and takes the name of the month that follows. In the rare case of two entries in one month, the month is kshaya (क्षय, lost). This tool uses the Sun's true (not mean) positions for this rule, as modern panchangs do. The Shaka and Chaitra-based Vikram years here change at the new moon that begins Chaitra; in Gujarat the Vikram year starts in Kartika instead, about seven months later.
Nakshatra, yoga, rashi and sankranti use sidereal longitudes: the tropical longitude minus the ayanamsa, the accumulated precession since the zero points coincided. This tool uses the Lahiri (Chitrapaksha) ayanamsa, the official Indian standard: 23°15′00.658″ on 21 March 1956 (Indian Astronomical Ephemeris), carried forward with the IAU 2006 precession in longitude (5028.796″ per century plus higher terms), with nutation added. It agrees with the Swiss Ephemeris Lahiri value to within 0.2″ from 1900 to 2100. Tithi and karana do not depend on the ayanamsa.
Sun and Moon positions, sunrise, sunset, moonrise and moonset come from the astronomy-engine library (VSOP87 for the Sun, a Brown-based lunar theory for the Moon), which runs inside the page. The Moon is good to a few arcseconds, so end times are usually within a minute of published panchangs; the table above shows the agreement. Remaining differences come from the sunrise definition, rounding and the ayanamsa a panchang uses (some use Raman, KP or Surya Siddhanta values, which shift nakshatras by hours). Festival dates follow extra rules (for example which tithi covers midday or the evening), so the tithi at sunrise is not always the festival day. Rahu kalam and similar periods are traditional divisions of daytime with no astronomical meaning.